The political alliance between the three began to fray in the mid 50s BC, but was put on hold with a renegotiation and the joint consulship of Pompey and Crassus in 55 BC. The short-term benefits to the three emerged from their own purposes: ratification of Pompey's eastern settlement, agrarian measures involving Pompey and Crassus. The alliance of three men "induced a sharp restructuring of alliances and alignments" with temporary benefit to them but harm in the long-run with aristocratic groups coalescing in opposition. Caesar had allied himself with Crassus and Pompey in the so-called First Triumvirate during his consulship. Starting from 58 BC, the year after his consulship in 59, Caesar had held the proconsulship of Cisalpine Gaul along with Illyricum under the terms of the lex Vatinia and Transalpine Gaul at the assignment of the Senate. The main issue at hand in the lead-up to the war was how Caesar, who had been in Gaul for almost ten years before 49 BC, was to be re-integrated into the political fabric of Rome after accumulating immense power and wealth in Gaul. Caesar's comprehensive victory followed by his immediate death left a power vacuum over the following years his heir Octavian was eventually able to take complete control, forming the Roman Empire as Augustus.įurther information: First Triumvirate and Gallic Wars Some scholars view the war as the proximate cause of the republic's fall, due to its polarising interruption of normal republican government.
The civil war is one of the commonly recognised endpoints of Rome's republican government. He was assassinated by a group of senators (including Brutus) shortly thereafter. Caesar was then made dictator perpetuo ("dictator in perpetuity" or "dictator for life") by the Roman senate in 44 BC. The following year, Caesar defeated the last of the Pompeians, at the Battle of Munda in Spain, who were led by his former lieutenant Labienus. Cato and Metellus Scipio killed themselves shortly thereafter. Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated upon arrival.Ĭaesar led a military expedition to Asia Minor before attacking North Africa, where he defeated Metellus Scipio in 46 BC at the Battle of Thapsus. Others fought on, including Cato the Younger and Metellus Scipio. Many prominent supporters of Pompey (termed Pompeians) surrendered after the battle, such as Marcus Junius Brutus and Cicero.
The decisive events occurred in Greece in 48 BC: Pompey defeated Caesar at the Battle of Dyrrhachium, but the subsequent larger Battle of Pharsalus was won by Caesar and Pompey's army disintegrated. The war was fought in Italy, Illyria, Greece, Egypt, Africa, and Hispania. Caesar refused and instead marched on Rome. Pompey and his allies induced the Senate to demand Caesar give up his provinces and armies in the opening days of 49 BC. A build-up of tensions starting in late 50 BC, with both Caesar and Pompey refusing to back down, led to the outbreak of civil war. The main cause of the war was political tensions relating to Caesar's place in the republic on his expected return to Rome on the expiration of his governorship in Gaul.īefore the war, Caesar had led an invasion of Gaul for almost ten years. Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC) was a civil war during the late Roman Republic between two factions led by Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey).
0 kommentar(er)
